OPINION

JED S. RAKOFF, U.S.D.J.

This dispute concerns which of NASDAQ's insurers is obligated to provide NASDAQ coverage in connection with an underlying class action that was filed against NASDAQ in the aftermath of the troubled Facebook IPO in May 2012 (the "Facebook Class Action"). By "bottom-line" order dated October 20, 2015, this Court granted plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment as to Count One against defendant ACE American Insurance Company. The Court also granted in part and denied in part defendants' motions to dismiss. This Opinion explains the reasons for those rulings.

By way of background, plaintiff Beazley Insurance Company, Inc. ("Beazley") was the first-layer excess errors and omissions ("E & O") insurer to NASDAQ during the relevant time. Beazley issued Excess Insurance Policy No. V15NOP120401 to NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. for the policy period of January 31, 2012 to January 31, 2013 (the "Beazley E & O Policy"). Non-party Chartis Specialty Insurance Company ("Chartis") was NASDAQ's primary E & O insurer during the relevant time and issued NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc., an errors and omissions insurance policy for the same policy period ("the Chartis E & O Policy"). The E & O policies provided NASDAQ with coverage, in relevant part, for "Damages resulting from any Claim... for any Wrongful Act ... solely in rendering or failing to render Professional Services." Compl., Ex. C. § 1.1. The Beazley E & O Policy followed the form of the Chartis E & O Policy and provided its own excess coverage of $15 million once Chartis's limit of liability was exhausted.

Defendant ACE American Insurance Company ("ACE") was the primary directors and officers ("D & O") liability insurer for NASDAQ during the relevant period. ACE issued ACE Advantage Management Protection Policy No. DON G21666944 010 to NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. for the policy period of January 31, 2013 to January 31, 2014 (the "ACE D & O Policy").1 The ACE D & O Policy has a $15 million limit of liability. Defendant Illinois National Insurance Company ("INIC") was NASDAQ's first-layer excess D & O insurer during the relevant time. INIC issued Excess Edge Policy No. 01-656-32-59 to NASDAQ for the policy period of January 31, 2013 to January 31, 2014 (the "INIC D & O Policy"). The INIC D & O Policy follows the form of the ACE D & O Policy and provides excess insurance above that policy's $15 million limit of liability. However, the ACE D & O Policy contains a policy exclusion "for that portion of Loss on account of any Claim ... by or on behalf of a customer or client of [NASDAQ], alleging, based upon, arising out of, or attributable to the rendering of failure to render professional services."2 Compl., Ex. D, § III (as amended by Endorsement Nos. 10 and 19). This litigation turns on the scope of that policy exclusion (the "Professional Services exclusion").

In 2012, Facebook opted to list its shares on NASDAQ — a choice that was initially perceived as a coup for that exchange. Amid much fanfare and strong demand, Facebook went public on May 18, 2012. The honeymoon ended abruptly on the day of the IPO when trading was allegedly marred by significant technical problems as a result of widespread NASDAQ system failures.

Shortly thereafter, dozens of plaintiffs across the country filed suit against various participants in the IPO. On October 4, 2012, the MDL Panel centralized 41 actions relating to the Facebook IPO in the Southern District of New York before Judge Sweet, including ten actions brought against NASDAQ by NASDAQ members and by retail investors in Facebook, alleging federal securities violations and negligence. See In re: Facebook, Inc., IPO Sec. & Deriv. Litig., 899 F.Supp.2d 1374, 1377 (J.P.M.L.2012); In re Facebook, Inc., IPO Sec. & Deriv. Litig., 288 F.R.D. 26, 30 n. 3 (S.D.N.Y.2012). Judge Sweet subsequently consolidated the actions brought against NASDAQ into a separately consolidated action for pretrial proceedings. 288 F.R.D. at 30.

On April 30, 2013, a consolidated amended class action complaint (the "CAC") was filed against NASDAQ parties on behalf of a putative class of all persons "that entered pre-market and aftermarket orders to purchase and/or sell the common stock of Facebook ... on May 18, 2012 ... in connection with Facebook's initial public offering ... and who thereby suffered monetary losses" as a result of the NASDAQ defendants' alleged misconduct. Compl., Ex. A at 1. The CAC was brought by a "Securities Class" alleging violations of the federal securities laws and a "Negligence Class" alleging claims for common law negligence. See id.

According to the CAC, on the day of the Facebook IPO, NASDAQ could not timely execute pre-market orders as a result of known system limitations. Rather than suffer the embarrassment of delaying trading, NASDAQ opted to resort to an untested backup system. The subsequent "wholesale breakdown in NASDAQ's trading platforms caused Class Members substantial damages by, inter alia: (i) causing erroneous and failed trade executions; (ii) blinding Class Members for hours — if not days — as to their then-current positions in Facebook stock due to late and/or missing trade confirmations; (iii) preventing Class Members from executing orders at the National Best Bid/Offer [] prices for Facebook stock as required by SEC Reg. NMS; and (iv) exposing Class Members to related failures of the NASDAQ trading platform, resulting in, among other things, an artificial downward pressure on the price of Facebook's stock." Id. ¶ 15. The CAC also alleged that the NASDAQ defendants "negligently designed, developed, tested, and implemented NASDAQ's IPO Cross software and, as a result, breached their common law duty of care to Class Members in connection with the listing and trading of Facebook's IPO." Id. ¶ 40.

On or about May 13, 2013, NASDAQ's insurance broker provided notice of the Facebook Class Action to Chartis, Beazley, ACE, and INIC, among other insurers. See Pl.'s Rule 56.1(a) Statement, ¶ 59.3 According to plaintiff's complaint, Chartis, which (as noted) insures NASDAQ for claims arising "solely in rendering or failing to render Professional Services," issued a reservation of rights letter and agreed to advance defense costs under its primary E & O policy. Compl., ¶ 36. Beazley, for its part, accepted potential coverage under its excess E & O policy, subject to a reservation of rights. Declaration of Carrie Parikh dated July 31, 2015 ("Parikh Decl.") at ¶ 2, ECF No. 23. ACE, however, disclaimed coverage, relying primarily on the Professional Services exclusion.

In April 2015, NASDAQ settled the Facebook Class Action for $26.5 million. In connection with that settlement, NASDAQ entered into an agreement with Beazley that required Beazley to contribute the full $15 million limit of liability on its excess E & O policy within ten business days of final approval of the settlement and by which NASDAQ assigned to Beazley its claims against ACE and INIC in connection with the CAC. Id. ¶ 5; Compl. ¶ 5, On June 25, 2015, Judge Sweet issued an order preliminarily approving the settlement. See Parikh Decl. ¶ 5. A fairness hearing was held before Judge Sweet on September 16, 2015, and the settlement received final approval on November 9, 2015. See Order and Final Judgment, In re: Facebook, Inc., IPO Sec. and Deriv. Litig., 12-md-2389, ECF No. 373.

On June 30, 2015, Beazley filed the instant action against ACE and INIC, bringing five causes of action. Beazley's first cause of action seeks a declaratory judgment that NASDAQ is entitled to coverage for defense costs under defendants' D & O policies in connection with NASDAQ's defense of the CAC.4 Beazley's second cause of action seeks a declaratory judgment that NASDAQ is entitled to indemnity coverage under defendants' D & O policies in connection with the CAC. Beazley's third and fourth causes of action seek indemnification and contribution from defendants, respectively, for amounts that Beazley paid in connection with the CAC settlement that Beazley alleges should have been paid by defendants. Beazley's fifth cause of action — brought in its capacity as NASDAQ's assignee — seeks damages for defendants' alleged breach of their insurance policies with NASDAQ.

On July 31, Beazley moved for partial summary judgment against ACE on Count One, seeking a declaratory judgment that ACE is obligated to cover NASDAQ's defense costs under the ACE D & O Policy. Simultaneously, ACE and INIC moved to dismiss the complaint in its entirety.

Turning first to Beazley's motion, under Rule 56(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure "[t]he court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56(a).

Under New York law,5 to determine whether an insurer owes a duty to advance defense costs, courts apply the same standard used to assess whether an insurer owes a duty to defend. See Lowy v. Travelers Prop. & Cas. Co., 2000 WL 526702, at *2 n. 1 (S.D.N.Y. May 2, 2000) ("[T]here is no relevant difference between the allegations that trigger an insurer's duty to defend and the allegations that trigger an insurer's obligation to pay defense expenses."). Furthermore, an "insurer's duty to defend and to pay defense costs ... must be construed broadly in favor of the policyholder," Admiral Ins. Co. v. Weitz & Luxenberg, P.C., 2002 WL 31409450, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 24, 2002), while policy exclusions "are to be accorded a strict and narrow construction," Pioneer Tower Owners Ass'n v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 12 N.Y.3d 302, 880 N.Y.S.2d 885, 908 N.E.2d 875, 877 (2009) (citation omitted). Indeed, the New York Court of Appeals "has specifically held that for an insurer to be relieved of the duty to defend based on a policy exclusion, it `bears the heavy burden of demonstrating that the allegations of the complaint cast the pleadings wholly within that exclusion [and] that the exclusion is subject to no other reasonable interpretation....'" Cont'l Cas. Co. v. JBS Const. Mgmt., Inc., 2010 WL 2834898, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 1, 2010) (quoting Frontier Insulation Contractors, Inc. v. Merchs. Mut. Ins. Co., 91 N.Y.2d 169, 175, 667 N.Y.S.2d 982, 690 N.E.2d 866 (1997)).

In disclaiming coverage for defense costs, ACE relies on the Professional Services exclusion in its D & O policy, which provides that "[ACE] shall not be liable for that portion of Loss on account of any Claim ... by or on behalf of a customer or client of [NASDAQ], alleging, based upon, arising out of, or attributable to the rendering or failure to render professional services." Compl., Ex. D, § III (as amended by Endorsement Nos. 10 and 19). ACE does not dispute that the CAC constitutes a "Claim" under its D & O policy that would be covered but for the Professional Services exclusion.6 Rather, it argues (1) that the CAC was not brought "by or on behalf of a customer or client of [NASDAQ]," and (2) that the claims in the CAC are not "alleging, based upon, arising out of, or attributable to the rendering or failure to render professional services."

Neither "customer or client" nor "professional services" is defined in the ACE D & O Policy. Beazley argues that "NASDAQ's customers are the individual companies that choose to list on the NASDAQ exchange and its members, the so-called market makers, through which retail investors may purchase and sell stock listed on the NASDAQ exchange," rather than the retail investors themselves. Beazley Opening Br. at 20, ECF No. 24. ACE, on the other hand, argues that retail investors in companies listed on NASDAQ's exchange (such as Facebook) are indeed "customer[s] or client[s]" of NASDAQ because "each [investor] purchased a service from NASDAQ ... through a Member," "direct[ing] a transaction in Facebook Stock using the NASDAQ exchange," and because NASDAQ receives a fee for each transaction. ACE Reply Brief in Support of Mot. to Dismiss at 7, ECF No. 44.7

Given that the ACE D & O Policy is silent as to the meaning of "customer or client" in the Professional Services exclusion, both parties look outside the D & O Policy to shore up their arguments. Beazley notes the obvious point that not all end users of goods or services are "customers" of every goods or services provider in a distribution chain, and ACE responds with the equally self-evident point that a retail investor can be the "customer or client" of more than one service provider. ACE further argues that basic agency principles dictate that retail investors can simultaneously be the "customer[s] or client[s]" of multiple service providers — in this case, both their brokers (i.e., their agents) and NASDAQ. But ACE fails to establish why "customer[s] or client[s]" must include retail investors in the context of this policy exclusion. Indeed, none of these observations does anything to resolve the ambiguity in the D & O Policy as to the scope of the exclusion.8

The parties' discussion of industry usage is more pertinent. Beazley focuses on the "Accommodation Plan" that NASDAQ submitted to the SEC in the aftermath of the Facebook IPO in an effort to compensate its members for the system failures that day. In the Accommodation Plan, NASDAQ explained that its "business and legal relationships are with its members, not its members' customers [and that] Nasdaq has no contractual or other relationships with its members' customers...." Declaration of Kevin F. Kieffer dated July 31, 2015, Ex. 10 at 45712 (emphasis added), ECF No. 22-10.

ACE, less convincingly, observes that the CAC itself appears to conceive of retail investors in Facebook as "customers" of NASDAQ. The CAC notes on several occasions, for example, that NASDAQ's system failures "prevented the majority of NASDAQ's customer base from knowing their true positions in Facebook." CAC ¶ 8; see also id. ¶ 133 ("Defendants ... put their own business interests ahead of the interests of NASDAQ's customers and members ...."); id. ¶ 216 ("NASDAQ's customers were forced to carry significant positions in Facebook over the weekend...."). However, the fact that the CAC might allege that the class members are "customers" of NASDAQ does not make it so. More appropriately, ACE also argues that NASDAQ itself has, on occasion, described retail investors as "customers." But the primary example ACE invokes in support of this argument is not very compelling. Specifically, ACE points to the fact that in the context of a proposed rule change, NASDAQ stated:

Affirmation of Daniel W. London dated Aug. 14, 2015, Ex. F at 3, ECF No. 35-6.

But at best, the reference to "customers" in the last sentence of the passage is ambiguous. Indeed, the reference is more fairly read, in context, to refer to NASDAQ's members.

On balance, the Court is in agreement with Beazley that interpreting "customer[s] or client[s]" to exclude retail investors in a public company listed on NASDAQ is at least one reasonable interpretation of the ACE D & O Policy. As a consequence, ACE has failed to satisfy its "heavy burden of demonstrating that ... that the [Professional Services] exclusion is subject to no other reasonable interpretation" than the one it has proffered to disclaim coverage, and ACE was therefore obligated to provide NASDAQ with defense costs coverage in connection with NASDAQ's defense of the CAC.9 Because, moreover, the Court grants partial summary judgment on Count One against ACE on this basis, it need not at the present time reach the issue of whether the claims in the CAC are "alleging, based upon, arising out of, or attributable to the rendering or failure to render professional services."

The Court now turns to defendants' many arguments for dismissing the complaint. To survive a motion to dismiss, a pleading "must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). With respect to those arguments made under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must draw all reasonable inferences in plaintiff's favor and accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in its complaint. In re Elevator Antitrust Litig., 502 F.3d 47, 50 (2d Cir.2007).

Three of defendants' arguments raised in their motions to dismiss apply to all or several of plaintiff's causes of action, and the Court addresses these arguments at the outset before turning to defendants' claim-specific arguments.

First, for the same reasons that the Court grants plaintiff partial summary judgment on its first cause of action, the Court rejects defendants' arguments that plaintiff's claims fail because the CAC falls within the scope of the Professional Services exclusion.

Second, in an argument that is only applicable to INIC, INIC argues that Beazley's claims against it are not ripe because a condition precedent to INIC's coverage obligations has not been satisfied.10 Specifically, under INIC's D & O policy, INIC's coverage obligations "attach... only after the Total Underlying Limits [under ACE's D & O policy] have been exhausted through payments by, on behalf of or in the place of [ACE] of amounts covered under [ACE's D & O Policy]." Compl., Ex. E ("Insuring Agreement"). The INIC D & O Policy goes on to state that "[t]he risk of uncollectability of any part of the Total Underlying Limits, for any reason, is expressly retained by the Policyholder...." Id. The Court agrees that this provision plainly constitutes a condition precedent to coverage. See Ali v. Fed. Ins. Co., 719 F.3d 83, 91 (2d Cir. 2013) (finding that a substantially similar provision in an excess insurance policy "establishe[d] a clear condition precedent" to coverage that had not been met). Because Beazley does not allege that the ACE D & O Policy limits have been exhausted, INIC contends that Beazley's claims are premature.

INIC is half-right. This Court's decision in Duane Reade, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 261 F.Supp.2d 293 (S.D.N.Y.2003) is instructive. There, defendant-insurer sought dismissal of the complaint on the ground that its claims were not ripe. Plaintiff's complaint alleged four causes of action, two of which sought damages for breach of contract and two of which sought declaratory relief. See id. at 294-95. The insurance policy at issue provided that defendant's payment obligation only arose 30 days after "presentation and acceptance [by defendant] of proofs of loss," which plaintiff had not filed at the time of suit. Id. at 295. Because "payment by defendant [was] not yet due," plaintiff's breach of contract claims were premature and the Court dismissed them without prejudice as unripe. Id. The Court found that the claims seeking declaratory relief survived, however, because an actual controversy existed between the parties and "judgment on [the declaratory judgment counts would] almost certainly resolve the primary issue in this case as to scope of coverage." Id. at 296.

The same logic governs here. As to Beazley's three claims against INIC for indemnification, contribution, and breach of contract, Beazley has jumped the gun and the claims are dismissed as unripe. Beazley's claims against INIC for declaratory relief survive, however, as "there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment" under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Pac. Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273, 61 S.Ct. 510, 85 L.Ed. 826 (1941).

Third, ACE argues that Beazley lacks standing to bring this action, largely on the basis that because the settlement of the CAC had not yet received final approval from the district court at the time the parties briefed the instant motions, Beazley has failed to allege an actual loss (either on its part or NASDAQ's).11 While the settlement of the CAC has now received final approval from Judge Sweet, ACE's argument is not moot "[b]ecause a plaintiff's standing to sue is assessed based on facts existing at the time of filing suit." Sharehold Representative Servs. LLC v. Sandoz Inc., 2013 WL 4015901, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 7, 2013); see also Cortlandt St. Recovery Corp. v. Hellas Telecomms., 790 F.3d 411, 422 (2d Cir.2015) ("A court may not permit an action to continue, even where the jurisdictional deficiencies have been subsequently cured, if jurisdiction [was] lacking at the commencement of a suit." (internal quotation marks omitted)). ACE's argument is, nonetheless, erroneous.

Specifically, as to Beazley's first two counts seeking declaratory relief, NASDAQ had already incurred significant defense costs and the settlement of the Facebook Class Action had already received preliminary approval at the time plaintiff filed its complaint. Given that the parties vigorously dispute their coverage obligations, the Court again finds that "there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment" sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of this Court under the Declaratory Judgment Act. Maryland Cas. Co., 312 U.S. at 273, 61 S.Ct. 510.12 As for Beazley's three remaining claims, as noted, NASDAQ had already incurred losses in the form of defense costs at the time this suit was commenced. And, in any case, the injury-in-fact requirement under the Supreme Court's standing doctrine does not require injury that has already occurred, but rather a "concrete and particularized" injury that is "actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical." Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted). "An allegation of future injury may suffice if the threatened injury is `certainly impending,' or there is a `substantial risk' that the harm will occur." Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 2334, 2341, 189 L.Ed.2d 246 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, there is nothing conjectural or hypothetical about NASDAQ and Beazley's loss. To the contrary, at the time Beazley filed its complaint, the settlement of the CAC had garnered preliminary court approval, such that the threatened injury was imminent. Moreover, the settlement, as noted, has now been finally approved, and "[a]lthough a plaintiff's standing is `assessed as of the time the lawsuit is brought,' post-filing events may confirm that a plaintiff's fear of future harm is reasonable." Baur v. Veneman, 352 F.3d 625, 638 (2d Cir.2003) (citation omitted).

The remainder of defendants' arguments in support of their motions to dismiss are claim-specific and addressed in turn.

Defendants argue that Beazley's third cause of action, seeking indemnification from ACE and INIC for the amounts it has paid or agreed to pay on behalf of NASDAQ, but for which the defendants are allegedly principally liable, is not cognizable under New York law. To state a common law indemnity claim, Beazley must plead a breach of duty by defendants to NASDAQ, as well as a duty running from defendants to Beazley. See Perkins Eastman Architects, P.C. v. Thor Eng'rs., P.A., 769 F.Supp.2d 322, 329 (S.D.N.Y.2011) ("[A] cause of action for common-law indemnification can be sustained only if: (1) the party seeking indemnity and the party from whom indemnity is sought have breached a duty to a third person, and (2) some duty to indemnify exists between them."). "[A] valid claim for indemnity requires, at the very least, that the party seeking indemnification was held liable to the injured party." Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Ins. Co. v. Calabrese, 2013 WL 752259, at *19 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2013). Beazley has not pleaded a duty running from defendants to Beazley, nor has it even briefed the elements of the claim. Moreover, according to its own pleading, Beazley has not been "held liable" to any injured party — rather it pleads that "it has no obligation to [NASDAQ] under the Beazley Policy in connection with the CAC." Compl. ¶ 64. As such, the claim is fatally deficient.

Furthermore, the two cases Beazley cites in support of the viability of its indemnity claim are both unavailing. Clarendon National Insurance Co. v. Hartford Insurance Co., 1998 WL 230936 (S.D.N.Y. May 8, 1998) involved an insurer suing a co-insurer for reimbursement of payments to the insured that were covered under defendant insurer's policy but not plaintiff's, id. at *1, but the court never so much as used the term "indemnification." Nor did the court address the elements of a claim for common law indemnification or confront an argument that New York law did not recognize the claim as pleaded.

Beazley also cites a case in which AIG reimbursed an insured roughly $4 million under a theft insurance policy, while defendant-insurer disclaimed coverage. Luvata Buffalo, Inc. v. Lombard Gen. Ins. Co. of Canada, 2010 WL 826583, at *1 (W.D.N.Y. March 4, 2010), report and recommendation adopted sub nom. Luvata Buffalo, Inc. v. AIG Europe, S.A., 2010 WL 1292301 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2010). AIG sought indemnification from defendant-insurer for its failure to reimburse or indemnify it for any portion of insured's loss, arguing that defendant was the primary insurer for the loss and that AIG was the excess insurer. 2010 WL 826583, at *2-3. The court held that "[w]hether AIG and Lombard are considered co-primary insurers of the loss, or whether AIG is considered to provide excess coverage to Lombard's primary policy for this loss, AIG has standing to seek indemnification against Lombard." Id. at *3. However, the cases the court cited in support of that holding were recognizing a cause of action for contribution between co-insurers that were liable for the same loss. Id. The case is further distinguishable because AIG did not argue that its policy did not cover the loss at issue per se, but rather that its coverage was excess of a primary insurer's that had wrongfully disclaimed coverage. Thus, Luvata is inapposite, and the Court finds that New York law does not recognize a cause of action at common law for "indemnification" between insurers under these circumstances. As such, Beazley's third cause of action is dismissed.

Beazley's position, as noted, is "that it has no obligation to [NASDAQ] under the Beazley Policy in connection with the CAC." Compl. ¶ 64. However, with its fourth case of action for contribution, Beazley contends that "in the alternative... Beazley and the Defendants insured the same risk [such] that they both are obligated to pay defense costs and indemnify the NASDAQ Parties in connection with the CAC." Id.

Under New York law, "when several insurers cover the same risk and payment for loss has been made by one, that carrier has a right to pro rata contribution from other insurers." State of N.Y. v. Blank, 27 F.3d 783, 793 (2d Cir.1994) (citation omitted), abrogated on other grounds by Ment Bros. Iron Works Co. v. Interstate Fire & Cas. Co., 702 F.3d 118, 121-22 (2d Cir.2012). Defendants argue that they do not insure NASDAQ against the "same risk" as Beazley does, because Beazley provides NASDAQ with E & O coverage while defendants provide NASDAQ with D & O coverage. Moreover, ACE adds, Beazley provides NASDAQ with excess-layer coverage while ACE provide NASDAQ with primary coverage.

The Court agrees with Beazley that both insurance policies need only be triggered by the same underlying event or action in order for a claim for contribution to lie. In National Casualty Co. v. Vigilant Insurance Co., 466 F.Supp.2d 533 (S.D.N.Y. 2006), defendant-insurer similarly argued that plaintiff-insurer's policy did not insure against the "same risk" as defendant's because defendant-insurer had a duty to defend while plaintiff-insurer had a duty to reimburse for defense costs. Id. at 540-41. Moreover, plaintiff-insurer's policy covered "publishing and advertising liability," while defendant-insurer's policy covered directors' and officers' liability. Id. at 537. The court rejected the defendant's argument, however, holding that "[t]o the extent the `same risk' requirement applies at all in the context of defense obligations, it requires only that both policies be triggered by the same underlying lawsuit." Id. at 541; see also Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. Hartford Ins. Co. of Midwest, 248 A.D.2d 78, 84, 677 N.Y.S.2d 105 (N.Y.App. Div. 1st Dep't 1998) ("The fact that the Hartford policy was a commercial general liability policy, much broader than National Union's, does not establish that the policies did not insure the same risk.").

Significantly, such a rule serves the purposes of contribution, which is "is to accomplish substantial justice by equalizing the common burden shared by coinsurers, and to prevent one insurer from profiting at the expense of others." Everest Nat. Ins. Co. v. Evanston Ins. Co., 2011 WL 534007, at *4 (D.Nev. Feb. 8, 2011). If both the E & O policies and the D & O policies are triggered by the Facebook Class Action, it would confer a windfall on defendants to allow them to escape pro rata contribution simply because their policies are triggered for different reasons.13

As for ACE's argument that it insures a different level of risk than Beazley, the cases it relies on are inapt. United States Fidelity & Guaranty. Co. v. American Re-Insurance Co., 20 N.Y.3d 407, 962 N.Y.S.2d 566, 985 N.E.2d 876 (2013) involved the interpretation of an "other insurance" clause and had nothing to do with whether insurers at different levels of risk are immunized from contribution to one another. The others involved the issue of whether an excess insurer was required to contribute prior to the exhaustion of a lower-level policy and related issues of priority between insurers. See Philadelphia Indem. Ins. Co. v. Emp'rs Ins. Co. of Wausau, 318 F.Supp.2d 170, 173 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) ("[T]he cases that recognize an exception to the rule of ratable contribution [under New York law] ... concern how to effectuate excess clauses that disclose an intent to trump other, merely general, excess clauses."). While Beazley may or may not ultimately be entitled to contribution, its contribution claim is adequately pleaded.

The Court also rejects defendants' attempt to dismiss Beazley's fifth cause of action for breach of contract in its capacity as an assignee of NASDAQ's contractual rights against defendants.

Defendants first argue in this regard that the ACE D & O Policy's "anti-assignment" clause renders NASDAQ's assignment of its rights to Beazley invalid. That clause provides that "[n]o ... assignment of interest under this Policy shall be effective except when made by a written endorsement to this Policy which is signed by an authorized representative of the Insurer." Compl., Ex. D, § XXIII. However, it is well settled under New York law that anti-assignment clauses do not prevent an insured from assigning its rights after a claim has accrued. See Tenneco Chems., Inc. v. Emp'rs Mut. Liab, Ins. Co. of Wis., 1977 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16759, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 1977) (holding that "[s]uch clauses do not apply to an assignment of an insurance claim after the loss has occurred" because "[t]he purpose of such provisions is to protect the insurer from any added risks in the event the policy is assigned to a less cautious entity"). To the extent policies purport to limit post-loss assignments, "such assignments are contrary to the public policy of New York." Id. at *8.

ACE contends, without citation to any pertinent authority, that NASDAQ's assignment of its rights to Beazley was a pre-loss assignment because the settlement of the Facebook Class Action had not received final court approval at the time Beazley filed this action. The Court disagrees, as to so hold would disregard the policy animating the distinction New York courts draw between invalid pre-loss assignments and valid post-loss assignments in the insurance context. As the Second Circuit has explained:

Globecon Grp., LLC v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 434 F.3d 165, 171 (2d Cir.2006) (quoting Northern Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. Allied Mut. Ins. Co., 955 F.2d 1353, 1358 (9th Cir.1992)).

Here, the Facebook Class Action was brought against NASDAQ prior to NASDAQ's assignment of its rights against ACE and INIC to Beazley. The Court fails to see how the assignment in any way affected the value of the claims in the CAC or how defendants are prejudiced by it. Indeed, NASDAQ assigned its rights to Beazley in connection with the settlement reached in the Facebook Class Action on April 22, 2015. See Compl. ¶ 5. Thus, ACE and INIC "still cover[] only the risk [they] evaluated when [they] wrote the policy." Globecon Grp., 434 F.3d at 171.14 Under such circumstances, there is no basis for treating the assignment at issue as a "pre-loss" assignment.

Next, ACE argues that the $2 million retention in the ACE D & O Policy constitutes a condition precedent to coverage that has not been satisfied, such that Beazley's breach of contract claim must fail. The relevant provision provides that, "the liability of [ACE] shall apply only to that part of Loss which is excess of the applicable Retention amount.... Such Retention shall be borne uninsured by the Insureds and at their own risk." Compl., Ex. D, § VIII. But this provision is not a condition precedent to coverage. That ACE is only liable for loss in excess of the retention does not mean that its liability only attaches upon payment of the retention. It would be perverse if an insurer could escape coverage because its insured had sensibly not paid a retention following the insurer's wrongful denial of coverage.

Finally, defendants contend that Beazley has failed to plead the elements of a breach of contract claim. "Under New York law, an action for breach of contract requires proof of (1) a contract; (2) performance of the contract by one party; (3) breach by the other party; and (4) damages." See Rexnord Holdings, Inc. v. Bidermann, 21 F.3d 522, 525 (2d Cir. 1994) (footnote omitted).

ACE contends that Beazley fails to allege the precise date, scope, or content of the purported assignment such that the Court can determine whether the assignment is valid and whether Beazley has standing to bring the claim. ACE cites no apposite case in support of the proposition that Beazley need plead the assignment with such specificity to survive a motion to dismiss. In any case, the assignment is not the relevant contract at issue for purposes of the "contract" element of the claim. To the extent discovery reveals that the assignment of rights was somehow ineffective, defendants may pursue this argument on summary judgment.

INIC, for its part, argues that Beazley. fails to identify a provision of the D & O policies that was breached, but this contention overlooks that Beazley's entire theory of the case is that defendants wrongfully denied coverage for covered claims under the D & O policies.

As to performance, ACE repackages its argument that NASDAQ failed to satisfy the retention under the ACE D & O Policy, which, according to ACE, is a condition precedent for coverage. This argument fails for the reasons stated above.

As to breach, ACE claims that Beazley has failed to plead breach because ACE has not breached. This circular argument is entirely dependent on the applicability of the ambiguous Professional Services exclusion, which the Court has already found to be an insufficient basis on which to dismiss the complaint at the pleadings stage. Moreover, it would appear ACE did breach its policy in light of its failure to advance defense costs to NASDAQ that the Court has now held it was obligated to advance.

As to damages, ACE contends that NASDAQ is being provided coverage by its E & O insurers and thus has no suffered no damages. Beazley, as NASDAQ's assignee, cannot stand in a better position than its assignor, so if NASDAQ has no damages on a breach of contract claim against defendants, Beazley has no damages as its assignee. See Int'l Ribbon Mills, Ltd. v. Arjan Ribbons, Inc., 36 N.Y.2d 121, 126, 365 N.Y.S.2d 808, 325 N.E.2d 137 (1975). While Beazley's pleading in this regard is somewhat bare, it is certainly plausible that NASDAQ will not be made whole by its E & O insurers and, thus, has suffered damages as a result of the defendants' allegedly wrongful disclaimers of coverage. If discovery reveals that this is not the case, defendants may have a summary judgment argument; but the Court declines to dismiss the claim on this basis at this early stage.

In summary, for the foregoing reasons, the Court, by Order dated October 20, 2015, granted summary judgment against ACE on Count One, dismissed Count Three with prejudice, dismissed Counts Four and Five as against INIC (but not ACE) without prejudice, and otherwise denied defendants' motions to dismiss.